Human Geography Chapter 2 Helpful Handout

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  • Patterns: The general arrangement of things being studied.

  • Processes: The repeated sequences of events, that create patterns.

  • Scale: the ratio between the size of things in the real world and the size of those same things on the map.

  • Cartographic scale: the way the map communicates the ratio of its size to the size of what it represents:

  • Geographic scale (relative scale): the amount of territory that the map represents.

  • Scale of the data: zooming, could be local to global (Differs from cartographic or geographic scale, where both maps can be the same, but the scale of both maps differ eg. At a country level, or a state and territory level on the same physical sized map)

  • Reference Maps

  1. Political maps- show and label human-created boundaries and designations, countries, states, cities, and capitals. Physical maps- shows and labels natural features, mountains, rivers and deserts.
  2. Road maps- shows highways, streets and alleys.
  3. Plat maps- shows and labels property lines and details of land ownership.
  4. Locator maps- illustrations shown in books and ads to show specific locations mentioned in the text
  • Thematic Maps
  1. Choropleth- use various colors, shades of one color, or patterns to show the location and distribution of spatial data, eg. Population density
  2. Dot distribution maps- used to show the specific location and distribution of something across the territory of a map.
  3. Graduated symbol maps- Use symbols of different size to indicate different amounts of something.
  4. Isoline maps- also called isometric maps, use lines that connect points of equal value to depict variations in the data across space, eg,
  • Topographic maps
  1. Cartograms- The size of countries, states, areal units, shown according to some specific statistic.
  2. Spatial models- look like stylized maps, illustrate theories about spatial distributions.
  3. Non-spatial models- illustrate theories and concepts using words, graphs, and tables.
  4. Regionalization: the process geographers use to divide and categorize space into smaller areal units.

  • Formal Region- (uniform region or homogeneous region) : united by one or more traits (physical, such as Cultural, and economic)

  • Functional Region- (nodal region): organized around a focal point and are defined by an activity that occurs across the region.

  • Perceptual Region- (vernacular region): the informal sense of place that people ascribe to them.

  • Quantitative data: information that can be measured and recorded using numbers.

  • Qualitative data: not usually represented by numbers, collected as interviews, document archives, descriptions, and visual observations.