Physical geography: the study of spatial characteristics of various elements of the physical environment.

Human geography: the study of the spatial characteristics of humans and human activities.

Toponym: the name of a place

Site: the characteristics at the immediate location—for example, the soil type, climate, labor force, and human structures.

Situation: the location of a place relative to its surroundings and other places.

Region: an area of land that has common features.

Topography: the study of the forms and features of land surfaces.

Longitude: the distance east or west of the prime meridian, an imaginary line that runs from pole to pole through Greenwich, England.

Prime meridian: the line of 0° longitude, the starting point for measuring distance both east and west around Earth.

Latitude: the distance north or south of the equator, an imaginary line that circles the globe exactly halfway between the North and South Poles.

Absolute location: the precise spot where something is according to some system.

Relative location: a description of where something is in relation to other things.

Distance: a measurement of how far or how near things are to one another.

Proximity: indicates the degree of nearness.

Time-space compression: the shrinking “time distance” between locations because of improved methods of transportation and communication.

Spatial interaction: the contact, movement, and flow of things between locations.

Friction of distance: indicates that when things are farther apart, they tend to be less well connected.

Distance decay: The inverse relationship between distance and connection is a concept called distance decay.

Density: the number of something in a specifically defined area.

Distribution: the way a phenomenon is spread out over an area.